Invited Speakers
Plenary
George Smith
Recipient of 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics
The Invention and Early History of the CCD
Abstract: As the first practical solid state imaging device, the invention of the Charge Coupled Device has profoundly affected image sensing technology. They are used in a wide range of applications both as area and linear imaging devices starting with the replacement of imaging tubes used in commercial TV cameras and cam-corders. The rapid rise of their use in digital cameras has initiated the demise of film photography and created vast new markets with great economic benefit for many. Other uses include a wide variety of scientific, medical, surveillance and scanning applications. The inception of the device at Bell Labs by Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith in 1969 was strongly influenced by several unique factors existing both within Bell Labs and the current world state of technology. These factors and their relevance will be discussed along with the train of thought leading to the invention. Early experimental devices and their initial applications were vigorously pursued and will be described. Mention of current applications will be given.
Mathias Fink, Langevin InstituteESPCI ParisTech, France
Time Reversal in Biomedical Methods
Abstract: This talk will present an overview of the research conducted on ultrasonic time-reversal methods in the field of medical applications. Time-reversal is a very powerful method for focusing wave through complex and heterogeneous media and shows exciting results both in ultrasound therapy and ultrasonic imaging. In the field of therapy we will first describe iterative time-reversal techniques that allow tracking and focusing ultrasonic waves on strong reflectors in tissues (kidney stones, micro-calcifications). Spatio-temporal focusing of ultrasonic waves in reverberating cavities will be described to obtain very intense focused shock waves (ultrasonic bazookas !!). This is the field of lithotripsy and histotripsy. Because time reversal is also able to correct for the strong distortions induced by the skull bone on ultrasonic propagation, this adaptive focusing technique allows non-invasive therapy of brain diseases and high resolution brain neurostimulation. We will show that time-reversal focusing does not need the presence of bright reflectors but it can be achieved only from the speckle noise generated by random distributions of non-resolved scatterers. We will described the applications of this concept to correct distortions and aberrations in ultrasonic imaging
Byoungho Lee, Seoul National Univ., South Korea
3D Display - Where We Are and Where to Go
Abstract: An overview of history and present state of three-dimensional display is given, covering technical and market aspects. Possible research directions that will be considered important in the future are also discussed.
Bruce J. Tromberg, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, USA
Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy: Technology Development and Clinical Translation
Abstract: Although NIR light penetrates tissue to depths of several centimeters, quantifying the magnitude and origin of biological processes in specific tissue compartments remains a significant challenge. At depths of approximately 1 mm and greater, multiple-scattering dominates light propagation in tissue. Under these conditions, optical phase relationships become randomized and coherent properties of light are generally not detectable. In this regime, light transport can be described using mathematical models where photons behave as stochastic particles that move in proportion to a gradient, much like the diffusive movement of molecules or heat. Several experimental approaches, generally referred to as "Diffuse Optics" methods, have been developed to quantify multiple scattering and measure thick tissue function.
This talk describes the development of Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (DOS) using spatially- and temporally-modulated sources and model-based analyses. DOS methods are capable of dynamic in vivo functional imaging with variable, but limited, spatial localization. Multiple optical contrast elements such as absorption, scattering, fluorescence, and speckle are detectable at relatively low cost. Quantitation of these signals can be achieved using methods for controlling optical path length in conjunction with computational models and visualization techniques. This allows formation of 2 and 3D images of various optical and physiological properties such as blood flow, vascular density, extracellular matrix composition, and cellular metabolism. Particular emphasis is placed on determining the tissue concentration of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, lipid, and water, as well as tissue scattering parameters. Clinical study results will be shown highlighting the sensitivity of broadband DOS to breast tumor metabolism with sufficient sensitivity for cancer detection and therapeutic drug monitoring. Broadband spatial frequency-domain imaging is used in pre-clinical animal models to dynamically map intrinsic brain signals, monitor the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, and form depth-resolved tomographic images of fluorescence and hemodynamics. These findings will be placed in the context of conventional imaging methods in order to assess the current and future role of diffuse optics in medical imaging.
Lihong Wang, Washington Univ. in St. Louis, USA
Photoacoustic Tomography: Ultrasonically Breaking through the Optical Diffusion Limit
Abstract: Photoacoustic tomography (PAT), combining optical and ultrasonic waves via the photoacoustic effect, provides in vivo multiscale non-ionizing functional and molecular imaging. Light offers rich tissue contrast but does not penetrate biological tissue in straight paths as x-rays do. Consequently, high-resolution pure optical imaging (e.g., confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, and optical coherence tomography) is limited to depths within the optical diffusion limit (~1 mm in the skin). Ultrasonic imaging, on the contrary, provides good image resolution but suffers from poor contrast in early-stage tumors as well as strong speckle artifacts. In PAT, pulsed laser light penetrates the tissue and generates a small but rapid temperature rise, which induces emission of ultrasonic waves due to thermoelastic expansion. The ultrasonic waves, ~1000 times less scattering than optical waves in tissue, are then detected to form high-resolution images at depths up to 7 cm, breaking through the optical diffusion limit. Further depths can be reached by using microwaves or RF waves as the excitation source. PAT, embodied in the forms of scanning photoacoustic microscopy or photoacoustic computed tomography, is the only modality capable of imaging across the length scales of organelles, cells, tissues, and organs with consistent contrast. Such a technology has the potential to enable multiscale systems biology and accelerate translation from microscopic laboratory discoveries to macroscopic clinical practice. PAT may also hold the key to the earliest detection of cancer by in vivo label-free quantification of hypermetabolism, the quintessential hallmark of cancer. The technology is commercialized by several companies.
Xiaowei Zhuang, Howard Hughes Medical Inst., Harvard Univ., USA
Bioimaging at the nanoscale: Single-molecule and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy
Abstract: Optical microscopy is an essential tool in biological research. However, the spatial resolution of optical microscopy, classically limited by diffraction to several hundred nanometers, is substantially larger than typical molecular length scales in cells, leaving many biological structures unresolvable. We recently developed a new form of super-resolution light microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), that surpasses the diffraction limit. STORM uses single-molecule imaging and photoswitchable fluorescent probes to temporally separate the spatially overlapping images of individual molecules. This approach allows the localization of fluorescent probes with nanometer precision and the construction of sub-diffraction-limit images. Using this method, we have achieved multicolor and three-dimensional (3D) imaging of living cells with nanometer-scale resolution. In this talk, I will discuss the general concept, recent technical advances and biological applications of STORM.
BIO 1: Biomedical Applications of Digital Holography
See Digital Holography invited speakers
BIO 2: BioNanophotonic and Molecular Probes
Imaging RNA in Single Living Cells: Recent Advances and Future Outlook, Andrew Tsourkas, Univ. of Pennsylvania, USA
Molecular Probes in Photodynamic Therapy, Tayyaba Hasan, Harvard Medical School, USA
BIO 3: Optical Microscopy Techniques
ePetri: Self-imaging Petri Dish Platform for Autonomous Cell Culture Tracking, Changhuei Yang, Caltech, USA
BIO 4: Photoacoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy
Sound and Light Catheters, Ton van der Steen, Erasmus MC, Netherlands
Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) with Integrated Photoacoustic/Ultrasonic Imaging, Matthew O’Donnell, Univ. of Washington, USA
BIO 5: Optical Coherence Tomography
Intraoperative OCT for Vitreoretinal Surgery, Joseph Izatt, Duke Univ., USA
Applying OCT to Dermatology: Technology, Clinical Applications, and the Translational Process, Jon Holmes, Michaelson Diagnostics Ltd., UK
BIO 6: Optical Imaging and Tomography
Wide-field Time Resolved Optical Tomography, Xavier Intes, RPI Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., USA
Functional Imaging Techniques in Neuroscience, Mark Pflieger, Source Signal Imaging, Inc., USA
Near-infrared Imaging of Breast Cancer Using Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contrast Agents, Alexander Poellinger, Charité, Germany
Bed-side Neuro-critical Monitoring with Hybrid Diffuse Optics, Turgut Durduran, ICFO, Spain
BIO 7: Optical Spectroscopy
Multi-spectral Morphology Scanning for Margin Detection in Breast Surgery, Brian W. Pogue, Dartmouth College, USA
Quantitative Monitoring of Apoptosis in Viable Cells with Elastic Scattering Spectroscopy, Irving Bigio, Boston University, USA
Two-photon Excited Blood Autofluorescence for In Vivo Imaging and Flow Cytometry, Jianan Y. Qu, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, China
